Intelligent networked car is equipped with advanced in-vehicle sensors, controllers, actuators and other devices, and integrates modern communication and network technology to realize intelligent information exchange and sharing between vehicles and X (people, cars, roads, clouds, etc.). Environmental awareness, intelligent decision-making, collaborative control and other functions can achieve safe, efficient, comfortable, energy-saving driving, and ultimately achieve a new generation of cars that replace people to operate.
Intelligent networked cars are also commonly referred to as smart cars, self-driving cars, and the like.
The key technologies of intelligent networked vehicles include: environment-aware technology, which realizes the perception of environmental conditions such as the vehicle itself, surrounding vehicles, roads, pedestrians, traffic signals, signs, and conditions through a single sensor or multiple sensor fusion technologies.
Wireless communication technology, including long-distance wireless communication technology and short-range communication technology, long-distance communication technology mainly uses 4G/5G technology to provide instant Internet access; short-range communication technology has dedicated short-range communication technology (DSRC), radio frequency identification technology ( RFID), Bluetooth, etc.
Intelligent interconnection technology, when two vehicles are far away or blocked by obstacles, direct communication can not be completed, it is necessary to establish a vehicle self-organizing network through roadside facilities, relying on short-distance communication technology to achieve communication between V2V and V2I.
Information fusion technology uses computer technology to analyze and process multi-source data information, and generate real-time, effective and complete comprehensive information to realize classification tasks for different applications.
Human-machine interface technology, including voice control, gesture recognition, touch screen technology, etc., aims to provide a good user experience.
Information security and privacy protection technology, intelligent network connection when the car accesses the network to protect the vehicle location and related information in real time.
The system composition of an intelligent networked car can generally include an environment aware layer, an intelligent decision layer, a control and an execution layer.
The environment sensing layer is mainly composed of various sensors and intelligent sensing algorithms for sensing the real-time environmental conditions on the driving route of the vehicle;
The intelligent decision-making layer is mainly composed of a control machine, a control circuit or a software and hardware system, and is used for determining which operation is applied to the vehicle according to the environmental information;
The control and execution layer directly or indirectly implements braking and driving control, steering control, gear position control, safety early warning control and other driving work through the vehicle's control interface.
Grading
The intelligent networked automotive technology grading is not exactly the same in all major countries. For example, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) divides it into 5 levels (no automatic driving stage 0, driver assisted driving stage 1 level, semi-automatic driving stage 2). Level 3, highly automatic driving stage 3, fully automatic driving stage 4).
The German Federal Highway Institute is divided into three levels: partial autopilot phase, highly automated driving phase and fully automatic driving phase.
"Made in China 2025" divides intelligent networked cars into assisted driving phase (DA), partial automatic driving phase (PA), highly automated driving phase (HA), fully automatic driving phase (FA) 4 levels, and later after PA A conditional automatic driving phase (CA) has been added to complete the five technical levels.
In order to better distinguish different levels of autonomous driving technology, SAE International released a 6-level classification system for autonomous driving in 2014. Today, most mainstream autonomous driving researchers have adopted the SAE standard as a general classification. in principle.
The SAE standard divides autonomous driving technology from low to high without automatic driving (L0) assisted driving (L1), partial automatic driving (L2), conditional automatic driving (L3), altitude automatic driving (L4), and full automatic driving ( L5) 6 levels.
In the L3 technical standard defined by SAE, the task of monitoring the road is done by the automatic driving system. This difference is huge with L2. The technician usually also regards the dividing line between L2 and L3 as "assisted driving" and The difference between "autopilot".
At present, the global autonomous driving technology is mainly in the L2 and L3 stages.
domestic
At the national level, in May 2015, the State Council issued the “Made in China 2025” plan and proposed the long-term development goals and development priorities of the intelligent networked vehicles. Since then, the development of domestic intelligent networked vehicles has generally two directions.
First, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology led the relevant technical standards for intelligent networked vehicles to promote the development of the industry.
In April 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other ministries and commissions issued the "Medium and Long-term Development Plan for the Automotive Industry", proposing to increase the key technologies of intelligent networked vehicles and carry out demonstration and promotion of intelligent networked vehicles.
In September, the organization studied the intelligent network connection public road adaptive verification management specifications, including application, testing, accident handling and other content.
In December, the “National Vehicle Network Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Networked Vehicles)” was released, and the strategic goal of establishing China's intelligent networked vehicle standard system was proposed in stages.
In March of this year, the "2018 Intelligent Networking Standardization Work Points" was issued, and the research and development of intelligent networked automotive technology standards was promoted.
Second, the National Development and Reform Commission has led the industry development strategy.
In early January 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission announced the research and drafting of the "Smart Vehicle Innovation Development Strategy" (draft for comments), and proposed to build a technological innovation system, industrial ecosystem, road network facilities system, regulatory standards system, product supervision system, Six major industrial systems such as the security system.
By 2020, the medium and low-level smart cars will reach large-scale production, and the medium and high-level smart cars will be market-oriented. In 2035, China's standard smart cars are world-renowned and the first to build smart car powers.
A series of policy documents issued by the national government level have played an effective and positive role in supporting and standardizing the adaptive verification of intelligent networked public roads, promoting the development of automotive intelligence, network technology and industrial applications.
At the local level, it is generally advancing first.
Before the three ministries jointly issued road test management specifications, six places including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Fujian Pingtan, Hebei Baoding, and Shenzhen have issued relevant regulations or drafts for comments, Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Fujian Pingtan and other places have opened road surveys, and more and more cities have opened closed test sites.
The above cities have the following characteristics in the process of promoting the development of intelligent networked vehicles:
First, the policy provisions go ahead and guarantee road testing.
Since the end of 2017, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen and other cities have issued regulations on road test management for self-driving cars (Shenzhen is a draft for comments), testing subjects, test vehicles, testers, test applications, illegal and accident handling. All aspects have made clear requirements.
Local policies have laid a practical foundation for the joint release of road test management specifications by the three ministries.
The second is to open the road to measure and issue a license plate.
On March 1 this year, Shanghai took the lead in releasing the first batch of automatic driving licenses in China and opened the 5.6-kilometer road test in Jiading District. Subsequently, Beijing, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, and Pingtan in Fujian successively issued test licenses for enterprises.
Among them, Shenzhen, Fujian Pingtan first piloted the bus automatic driving test.
The third is to build a test base to promote industrial development.
In June 2016, the first “National Intelligent Networked Vehicle (Shanghai) Pilot Demonstration Zone” closed test area approved by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology was officially opened for operation, and then the smart interconnection demonstration area was covered to Beijing-Hebei, Zhejiang, Chongqing and Jiangsu. Wuxi and other places.
At the same time, local government-led demonstration zone projects have blossomed. Guangdong is planning to build an unmanned pilot base in northern Guangdong. Wuhan and Shenzhen are planning to build an “unmanned” town, and Liaoning Panjin and BAIC cooperate with the smart commercial vehicle project.
The construction of the experimental test base provides a good foundation for the development of the local intelligent network automobile industry.
The relevant policy provisions introduced by comparative analysis mainly have the following characteristics:
From the perspective of organizational management, local regulatory agencies have established joint working groups for relevant government departments, and entrusted third parties to be responsible for daily supervision of vehicle testing or application acceptance.
From the perspective of the test subject, the test subject is required to have certain compensation capacity. It is required to purchase a traffic accident liability insurance of not less than RMB 5 million or provide a traffic accident insurance guarantee of not less than RMB 5 million.
The three ministries, Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen clearly test the main body of the legal entity registered in China, which reflects the local governments to guide relevant companies to conduct tests in China.
From the test driver's point of view, in addition to the test driver's experience of intelligent driving training, Beijing and Chongqing proposed that the driver should have more than 3 years of driving experience, non-toxic driving, drunk driving experience; three ministries, Shanghai to the driver's 12 points, Severe violations and accident records impose stricter restrictions.
At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of the test, Shanghai and Chongqing stipulated the test working time of the test driver.
From the test vehicle, it is required to post the logo on the autopilot test vehicle so as to distinguish it from the ordinary vehicle; it is clear that the test vehicle needs to have two modes of "manual operation" and "automatic driving" to ensure that the test driver can at any time. Direct intervention and control of the vehicle; both require the vehicle to automatically record and save data information within a certain period of time (60s or 90s) before the accident or failure condition occurs; it is clearly stated that the test vehicle must not carry people or items unrelated to the test during the test period. .
From the test project, compared with Beijing's complex assessment of the vehicle's automatic driving ability, Shanghai has defined 17 test and test projects, Chongqing unqualified vehicle test project, which means that its autonomous vehicle test project can be more abundant.
From the perspective of illegal and accident handling, it is clear that the administrative department of public security pays attention to the accidents and illegal acts in the testing process in accordance with the current road traffic safety laws and regulations, and the test driver or the test vehicle bears the corresponding legal responsibility.